- Based on a two-phase phenomenological model, the variation of the temperature-dependent volume fraction of each phase was considered.
- Thermal strain was measured for various temperature rates and added to the model.

Fig. Two-phase phenomenological model for SMP

Fig. Rate dependent constitutive model for SMP (Kim et al, 2021)
- Shape memory behavior in matrix by phenomenological constitutive equation
- Fiber shearing and undulation by anisotropic hyperelasticity
- Interaction by residual stress (Comparison)

Fig. Constitutive model for SMPC (Hong et al, 2019)
- The 3D deformation behavior of SMP was simulated under various temperature conditions and the results were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Fig. Uniaxial Shape memory performance

Fig. Consideration of volume fraction in constitutive law
- The shape changes of the wf-SMPC of the simulation and experimental results were in good agreement.
- Complete recovery was achieved when gravity force was considered in the simulation.


Fig. 3-dimensional Shape memory performance